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After the warmup lap blood pressure jumps when standing discount midamor 45mg with amex, time yourself walking briskly for five laps or as far as you can blood pressure medication and gout cheap midamor, up to eight laps (2 miles) arteria gastroepiploica dextra generic midamor 45 mg mastercard. If it is not scheduled right away pulse pressure 66 order generic midamor pills, maintain your training with 30 to 60 minutes of moderate walking on most days. Pace yourself at 4 minutes or less per lap for 1 to 2 miles at least twice a week. Expect to take 2 to 3 weeks to prepare after reaching the midpoint of the Blue Jogging Program. Continue to hike on alternate days until you can complete the 2-mile course with the light pack in less than 30 minutes. Continue to progress in the Blue Jogging Program, or stay active in other ways, on alternating days. Adding 2 to 3 pounds each hike while maintaining the 30minute pace for 2 miles will get you to your target within three to five sessions (1 to 11/2 weeks). On the days between hikes, consider hiking hills (with your pack) to build leg strength and endurance, jogging, or participating in other physical activities. If you will be doing specific firefighting tasks, the days between your training hikes are a good time to begin practicing those activities. Preparing for the Pack Test If you have completed the Blue Jogging Program, you are well qualified to prepare for the arduous Pack Test (a 3mile hike in 45 minutes carrying a 45pound pack). If you have not been physically active, we suggest that you start by taking the Walk and Walk-Jog Tests (see chapter 8) and begin the Red, White, or Blue Programs at the appropriate week, based on your test results. To prepare for the Pack Test, you should complete the Blue Jogging Program, which requires a similar level of aerobic fitness as the Pack Test, and prepares you for the specific training needed to complete the Pack Test. Preparing for the Field Test If you have completed the Blue Jogging Program, you are well qualified to prepare for the Field Test (a 2-mile hike in 30 minutes carrying a 25-pound pack). If you have not been physically active, we suggest that you start by taking the Walk and Walk-Jog Tests (see chapter 8) and begin the Red, White, or Blue Programs at the appropriate week, based on your test results. To prepare for the Field Test, complete at least week 4 of the Blue Jogging Program. At that point, you should be ready to begin specific training for the 67 Appendix C-Training for the Work Capacity Tests Briskly hike a 3-mile flat course without a pack. On the days between hikes, continue the walk and jog workouts in the Blue Jogging Program and begin task-specific job training outlined for specific crews. Continue hiking on alternate days until you can complete the 3-mile course with the light pack in less than 45 minutes. On alternate days begin hiking in hills, continue with job-specific training, or enjoy other physical activities. Maintaining the 45-minute pace for 3 miles will get you to your target within five to seven sessions (11/2 to 2 weeks). On the days between training hikes, take longer hikes in hills (wearing your pack) to build leg strength and endurance for the fire season, jog, or participate in other physical activities (such as mountain biking). Continue to train for specific fire tasks your crew will perform, such as line digging, brushing, sawing, and similar activities. We strongly recommend that you follow the general flow of each program and remain patient. The weekly routines that follow will help you maintain general aerobic fitness by incorporating the requirements for health and weight management. Alternate these weeks, starting with the easier week and gradually increasing toward the harder week until you find a level that balances the time you have available and your fitness needs. Most of the days will not require you to change into special clothing for exercise because the activities are moderate or light. Easier Week Monday Aerobic: 60 minutes of walking at an intensity you consider to be moderately light and can sustain for 30 to 45 minutes without undue fatigue. This exercise can be in three to four walks of 15 to 20 minutes each or all in one long walk.

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Sensory feedback from the muscles and joints pulse pressure 31 order cheapest midamor, proprioceptive information about the movements of walking pulse pressure endocarditis generic midamor 45 mg visa, and sensations of balance are sent to the cerebellum through the inferior olive and then the cerebellum integrates all of that information pulse pressure 27 discount generic midamor canada. If walking is not coordinated blood pressure chart hypertension discount midamor 45mg on line, perhaps because the ground is uneven or a strong wind is blowing, then the cerebellum sends out a corrective command to compensate for the difference between the original command from the cerebrum and the sensory feedback from the periphery. The output of the cerebellum is into the midbrain, which then sends a descending input to the spinal cord to correct motor information going to skeletal muscles. Cranial nerves the nerves attached to the brain are the cranial nerves, which are primarily responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck (one of these nerves targets organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as part of the parasympathetic nervous system) (Figure 23. It is also responsible for lifting the upper eyelid when the eyes point up, and for pupillary constriction. The trigeminal nerve (V) is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face and controlling the muscles of mastication. The vagus (X) nerve is responsible for contributing to homeostatic control of the organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities via autonomic neurons. The cranial nerves can be classified as sensory nerves, motor nerves, or a combination of both, meaning that the axons in these nerves can originate out of sensory ganglia external to the cranium or motor nuclei within the brain stem. Three of the nerves are solely composed of sensory fibers; five are strictly motor; and the remaining four are mixed nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers. The trigeminal and facial nerves both concern the face; one is primarily associated the sensations and the other primarily associated with the muscle movements. The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves are both responsible for conveying gustatory, or taste, sensations as well as controlling salivary glands. The vagus nerve is involved in visceral responses to taste, namely the gag reflex. An important learning outcome for this lesson is to understand and describe the functions of cranial nerves. While this can feel a lot of information to commit to memory, it is possible by using memory tools like mnemonics. There are many mnemonics others have created that can quickly be found via an internet search. However, the best way to remember a mnemonic, is to make your own with personally-relatable information. The anatomical arrangement of the roots of the cranial nerves observed from an inferior view of the brain. Describe the composition of gray and white mater and provide examples of brain structures made of each. Describe and identify the brain meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater 3. Check Your Understanding Categorize the following terms and provide a one line definition for each of them. For the meninges, also rank them from the most superficial layer to the deepest layer. Check Your Understanding Label the following diagram with the appropriate structures. Identify the cerebrum, the longitudinal fissure and the two hemispheres of the brain. You can also locate examples of gyri, sulci and the different lobes of the cerebrum. Locate the longitudinal fissure and gently try to widen it with your fingers (Fig 23. Insert a knife in the fissure and cut through the brain into two longitudinal halves (Fig 23.

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They are site of protein synthesis 22 Human Anatomy and Physiology c) Endoplasmic reticulum is a double membrane channel blood pressure natural remedy purchase midamor 45mg without a prescription. Various products are transported from one portion of the cell to another via the endoplasmic reticulum hypertension organizations midamor 45 mg amex. Each mitochondria posses two membrane blood pressure chart over a day quality midamor 45 mg, one is smooth (upper) membrane and the other is arranged with series of folds called cristae zithromax arrhythmia generic 45mg midamor otc. The central cavity of a mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane is the matrix. They contain powerful digestive (hydrolytic 23 Human Anatomy and Physiology enzyme capable of breaking down many kinds of molecules. The lysosomal enzyme believed to be synthesized in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Cancer occurs when cells grows and divide at abnormal rate & then spread beyond the original site. Some of the risk factors for cancer occurrence are radiation, chemicals, extreme pressure and hormonal therapy. Tissue is a group of similar cell and their intercellular substance that have a similar embryological origin and function together to perform a specialized activity. The various tissues of the body are classified in to four principal parts according to their function & structure. They are subdivided in to: Covering & lining epithelium Glandular epithelium Covering and lining epithelium: it forms the outer covering of external body surface and outer covering of some internal organs. It lines body cavity, interior of respiratory & gastro intestinal tracts, blood vessels & ducts and make up along with the nervous tissue (the parts of sense organs for smell, 28 Human Anatomy and Physiology hearing, vision and touch). Covering and lining epithelium are classified based on the arrangement of layers and cell shape. According to the arrangement of layers covering and lining epithelium is grouped in to: a) Simple epithelium: it is specialized for absorption, and filtration with minimal wear & tear. It is a single layered b) Stratified epithelium, it is many layered and found in an area with high degree of wear & tear. It lines the gastro-intestinal tract gall bladder, excretory ducts of many glands. Stratified epithelium It is more durable, protects underlying tissues form external environment and from wear & tear. Stratified squamous epithelium is subdivided in to two based on presence of keratin. These are Non-Keratnized and Keratinized stratified squamous 30 Human Anatomy and Physiology epithelium. Non-Keratnized stratified squamous epithelium is found in wet surface that are subjected to considerable wear and tear. In Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium the surface cell of this type forms a tough layer of material containing keratin. It is found in seat glands duct, conjunctiva of eye, and cavernous urethra of the male urogenital system, pharynx & epiglottis. Stratified columnar epithelium is found in milk duct of mammary gland & anus layers. Transitional epithelium the distinction is that cells of the outer layer in transitional epithelium tend to be large and rounded rather than flat. Glands can be classified into exocrine and endocrine according to where they release their secretion. Exocrine: Those glands that empties their secretion in to ducts/tubes that empty at the surface of covering. Classification of exocrine glands They are classified by their structure and shape of the secretary portion. According to structural classification they are grouped into: 32 Human Anatomy and Physiology a) Unicellular gland: Single celled. The best examples are goblet cell in Respiratory, Gastrointestinal & Genitourinary system. By combining the shape of the secretary portion with the degree of branching of the duct of exocrine glands are classified in to Unicellular Multi-cellular Simple tubular Branched tubular Coiled tubular Acinar Branched Acinar If the secretary portion of a gland is 33 Human Anatomy and Physiology - Compound Tubular Acinar Tubulo-acinar 3. Embryonic connective tissue Embrayonic connective tissue contains mesenchyme & mucous connective tissue.

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Both the greater and lesser tubercles serve as attachment sites for muscles that act across the shoulder joint blood pressure 7843 midamor 45 mg sale. Passing between the greater and lesser tubercles is the narrow intertubercular groove (sulcus) blood pressure medication methyldopa order 45 mg midamor visa, which is also known as the bicipital groove because it provides passage for a tendon of the biceps brachii muscle heart attack bpm generic midamor 45mg online. The surgical neck is located at the base of the expanded hypertension 40 years purchase midamor uk, proximal end of the humerus, where it joins the narrow shaft of the humerus. The deltoid tuberosity is a roughened, V-shaped region located on the lateral side in the middle of the humerus shaft. It articulates with the radius and ulna bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint. The prominent bony projection on the medial side is the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The much smaller lateral epicondyle of the humerus is found on the lateral side of the distal humerus. The roughened ridge of bone above the lateral epicondyle is the lateral supracondylar ridge. All of these areas are attachment points for muscles that act on the forearm, wrist, and hand. The powerful grasping muscles of the anterior forearm arise from the medial epicondyle, which is thus larger and more robust than the lateral epicondyle that gives rise to the weaker posterior forearm muscles. The distal end of the humerus has two articulation areas, which join the ulna and radius bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint. The more medial of these areas is the trochlea, a spindle- or pulley-shaped region (trochlea = "pulley"), which articulates with the ulna bone. Immediately lateral to the trochlea is the capitulum ("small head"), a knob-like structure located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus. Superior to the trochlea is the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna, and above the capitulum is the radial fossa, which receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed. Similarly, the posterior humerus has the olecranon fossa, a larger depression that receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is fully extended. It runs parallel to the radius, which is the lateral bone of the forearm (Figure 13. The proximal end of the ulna resembles a crescent wrench with its large, Cshaped trochlear notch. This region articulates with the trochlea of the humerus as part of the elbow joint. The inferior margin of the trochlear notch is formed by a prominent lip of bone called the coronoid process of the ulna. Just below this on the anterior ulna is a roughened area called the ulnar tuberosity. To the lateral side and slightly inferior to the trochlear notch is a small, smooth area called the radial notch of the ulna. This area is the site of articulation between the proximal radius and the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint. The posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna make up the olecranon process, which forms the bony tip of the elbow. The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is on the lateral side. The lateral side of the shaft forms a ridge called the interosseous border of the ulna. This is the line of attachment for the interosseous membrane of the forearm, a sheet of dense connective tissue that connects the ulna and radius bones. Projecting from the posterior side of the ulnar head is the styloid process of the ulna, a short bony projection. This serves as an attachment point for a connective tissue structure that connects the distal ends of the ulna and radius. In anatomical position, with the elbow fully extended and the palms facing forward, the arm and forearm do not form a straight line. It allows the forearm and hand to swing freely or to carry an object without hitting the hip. The Radius the radius runs parallel to the ulna, on the lateral side of the forearm (Figure 13.

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